Julius Caesar
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Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) is one of the most famous men in all of history. Born Gaius Julius Caesar into a leading family of the late Roman Republic, Caesar built his career on the battlefield, shaping Roman politics along the way and providing the transition from the Republic to the Roman Empire under his nephew Augustus. Subject of one of Shakespeare's greatest plays, Julius Caesar assassination on the Ides of March in 44 BCE remains one of the more spectacular events in ancient history.
Julius Caesar came of age during a time of political strife in the Roman Republic. His early career in politics and the military was capped in 60 BCE, when he became consul for the first time. He engineered a political alliance between himself, Pompey and Crassus, the First Triumvirate, which divided power between the three men:
- Caesar
- Pompey
- Crassus
Caesar then went to Gaul (modern-day France) which he conquered for Rome, uttering the famous line veni, vidi, vici ("I came, I saw, I conquered"). Civil war soon broke out between Pompey's and Caesar's factions, seeing Caesar pursue Pompey into Egypt, where he met and became involved with Cleopatra.
In 46 BCE, Julius Caesar was appointed dictator for a term of ten years. He returned to Rome the following year, and named his nephew, Gaius Octavius, as his heir. His numerous political reforms were halted with assassination, plunging Rome into yet another civil war, which ended with Gaius Octavius' triumph and adoption of the name Augustus Caesar.
Throughout history the personage of Julius Caesar, the last Roman dictator, has been conflicted by irreconcilable debate over the worthiness of his legacy. Historians of the last 2000 years have tended to come down on one side of the issue or the other, either wildly praising or highly admonishing Caesar's actions. However, when considering the central role that Caesar played during the last days of the Roman Empire, it seems clear that he his contributions to the Republic justify the attention that history has paid him.
Caesar effectively dealt with many of Rome's problems, making many beneficial reforms to the Empire's infrastructure. Perhaps most importantly, Caesar kick-started Rome's weakening economy. As noted by Cross, Caesar "reformed the degraded currency", putting Rome on a sound economic structure. In addition, Caesar dealt with the conflicting Roman laws, reducing "the Civil Code to manageable proportions, by selecting the most essential statues and having them published." (Cross). Also significant was Caesar's creation of a unified local government and his reforms of the seriously flawed Roman calendar. These contributions made by Caesar had a profound effect on the Roman Empire and clearly helped to strengthen the Republic.
While many historians and scholars concentrate on Caesar's tyrannical role and militaristic conquests, by doing so they overlook his many contributions to the Roman infrastructure. Caesar helped create the legal and political framework for a great Empire, and because of the central role that he played in Roman history, the immortality attributed to him is certainly justified.