Mozambique
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Located near South Africa in the southern half of the continent, Mozambique is considered to be a Third World country.The following are some unique facts that contribute to Mozambique's troubles:
- Its geographical nature makes it a difficult country to govern from one central location.
- There are many rivers and river deltas that criss-cross the nation, cutting it into many separate regions.
- In 1994, it was considered to be the poorest country in the world with a GNP per capita of only eighty U.S. dollars.
More recently, however, Mozambique has made some progress and is no longer considered to be at the bottom of the economic list.However, it continues to have economic difficulties.The poverty that exists in this country is not due to a lack of resources. Instead, the economic condition is the result of historical, political, and social factors.
Most historians ignore the pre-colonial history of African countries, implying that historical events prior to this time are unimportant. This writer begins this analysis of Mozambique with the arrival of the Portuguese simply because this period of history appears to bear more weight on current conditions.
In the 1400's, the Portuguese arrived in the east African country of Mozambique.The primary goal of these Europeans was not to colonize, but rather to establish trading settlements where they could buy gold, ivory, and slaves.In order to protect their products, the Portuguese instituted a protectionist policy to prevent non-Portuguese traders from entering Mozambique.The Portuguese kept a tight control over Mozambique during the entire colonial period.
Incredibly, the slave trade continued into the twentieth century.As recently as 1912, records indicate that millions of slaves had been exported.Forced labor was introduced after slavery was abolished.For example, the Portuguese would send citizens of Mozambique to work in South African gold mines and Rhodesia, but Portugal kept all of the miners' wages.
Forced labor also existed within Mozambique. After World War II, peasant families in Mozambique were forced to grow cotton and sell it to Portugal at rates below market prices.In areas where cotton did not grow, farmers in Mozambique grew cashew nuts, groundnuts, or rice.With all of the farmland devoted to products for Portugal, the people of Mozambique had to import their basic foods from South Africa. Asians and Europeans in Mozambique were exempt from forced labor, and thus these groups were able to operate private businesses."In 1953, the Portuguese ordered people to leave their farms and villages so that they could clear more land for forced cotton growing.
By 1962, a movement for independence developed among the people of Mozambique.It became known as the "Frelimo." A violent revolution began in 1964.
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